Linguistics and Children Essay Example

Etymology and Children Essay Example Etymology and Children Essay Etymology and Children Essay This task will chief explain the hugeness of the undermentioned footings. open competency and metalinguistic awareness. Perceptions have demonstrated that children do duplicate more seasoned equivalents and adults when discourse creation each piece great as signs of innovativeness since the beginning when creating etymological correspondence. At that point the second development will quantify the elements of innovativeness and impersonation in regards to larning communicated in English. This task will focus on the communicated in English of youthful children. Section 1 Informative competency †Is a term that alludes to the way wherein a phonetic correspondence client imparts quickly and effectively relies on their open competency. Etymologist Noam Chomsky delineated a variance inside the term linguistic’ which he partitioned into to fitness and open introduction. The term lingual open introduction is related with dishonestly as well as rehashed poorly framed conveyed existent vocalizations of etymological correspondence in utilization. Etymological competency alludes to the discernment of the phonetic correspondence framework which will empower the talker to isolate the vocalizations that are syntactic in the semantic correspondence from those that are non. ( Chomsky. 1965 refered to in Book3. pg 48 ) However language specialist Hymes accepted talkers need to accomplish run of the mill achievements in open introduction, for example, what is the socially fitting curve of expression to help through the pined for result each piece great as cognizing when to talk. Concerning kids each piece great as larning the structure and hints of curious semantic interchanges they are truly larning the talk processs of their networks. The term other than joins word importance. sentence structure and articulations great as utilizing phonetic correspondence skillfully. verbally. composed and non-verbal prompts, for example, natural structure etymological correspondence. ( Book3. pg 201 ) Metalinguistic cognizance †Is a term used to determine an individual’s capacity to think about the utilization of etymological correspondence in regarding clear uping the transportation of lingual achievements and comprehension across semantic interchanges. At the point when a semantic correspondence user’s metalinguistic cognizance creates they begin to make new and refined use of analogies, for example, the metaphor life resembles a crate of cocoas. you neer realize what you’re venturing out to get they other than start to pick up that announcements can hold an inferred noteworthiness each piece great as an accurate centrality. They may even get down to put incongruity alongside perversity which interfaces with an individual’s capacity of expressing and/or getting chokes. pull stringsing etymological correspondence ( Kerper. 2009 ) Separate 2 Children can get phonetic correspondence as an outcome of impersonation all things considered it isn’t the underlying technique into semantic correspondence procurement because of children demonstrating originative example of etymological correspondence. ( Book 3. pg 27 ) Infants produce a combination of sounds during the underlying twelvemonth of their life in add-on to exploring different avenues regarding vocal show. ( Book 3. pg 8 ) The pace of advancement varies between each child. for delineation it is uncommon for a child to bounce the prattle stage. which ordinarily happens at the mean period of 11months. what's more, another factor that helps address advancement is physiological maturing. ( Book 3. pg9 ) Benedict. 1979 refered to in Book 3. pg19 examined advancement of jargon of a little gathering of children ( 8 ) during the class of a half year. The discoveries showed children’s capacity to comprehend and make words between the ages of 10 months and on standard 1 twelvemonth 9 months. By the clasp the child is 11 months and 15 yearss they are typically achieve a perception jargon of 20 words. The strategy of accomplishing words underway takes longer than it does in cognizance. perception can typically happen 4 months before creation. Regarding imitation’ the capacity of the wellbeing proficient ( a term utilized for those people who spend the most clasp communicating with and taking care of the youngster. ) ( Book 3. pg 11 ) much research has been done in this nation whereby the highlight is on a support in this example it includes the child and their main wellbeing proficient. this is other than known as a term called a couple. The discoveries from this examination uncovered that the individual the child has most direct contact with confer the etymological correspondence environmental factors that the child will design. Other lingual demonstrating that adults give is through providing care motivation. for cases washing and taking care of. these modus operandis give events to regular cooperations refering phonetic correspondence. Look a boo’ A standard game that is typically played among child and wellbeing proficient and overall in Western human advancements. ( Book 3. pg14 ) As a guideline the adult endeavors to hang on the infant’s inclusion the concealing their eyes behind a manus or an article after which a kind of talk happens. for representation the adult may state Are you prepared? At that point the infant’s voices or activities are shown as a reaction. This succession of request â€and †answer is proceeded until the apprehensiveness creates now the adult takes their manus off or evacuates the item and says Boo! ’ ( Book 3. pg 15 ) Trevarthen and Aitken. 2001 refered to in Book 3. pg 15 accepted this kind of game could be named protoconversations’ . since it is like a discussion. It requires turn †taking. each person’s twist depends on the old is contribution of the life partner. along these lines it is unexpected. the mates comprehend the succession open up a similar reason. Along these lines this kind of association tenderfoots formal qualities of discussions before youthful children can talk however incite progress to etymological correspondence. A cosmopolitan perception made sing the kind of duologue coordinated to kids by adults is that the duologue contrasts to that routed to different adults. Thusly wellbeing experts correct their duologue for case cutting eased back down. tweak is intensified and a raised pitch might be utilized. More established children other than adjust their duologue for more youthful children similar to grown-ups. this is other than obvious that more seasoned children are copying adults and actualizing this method to juvenile children. ( Book 3. pg15 ) this duologue way is alluded to as child coordinated location ( CDS ) . Clifton Pye. 1986 refered to in Book 3. pg 16 watched a network in Central America called Quiche. they spoken one of the local Mayan phonetic interchanges. The results demonstrated a distinction in the way in which Quiche wellbeing experts and Western wellbeing experts adjust their duologue for youthful children. Notwithstanding this social distinction in wellbeing proficient †kid communication. the children in the Quiche people group had the option to talk easily in their local semantic correspondence. Shirley Brice Heath’s inquire about 1983 refered to in Book 3. pg 16 of dark propertyless English discourse creation network found that adults in this network didn’t ordinarily use child talk’ while interfacing with juvenile children. The manners by which children’s sentence structure create could other than be because of impersonation each piece great. Illustrative sentence structure is a term referencing to how children sort out and development address. it doesn’t nexus to the privilege English’ individuals ought to use. Tests into children’s sentence structure demonstrated that an unchanging procedure is engaged with the accomplishment of language structure. Precious stone. 1995. refered to in Book 3. pg 25 recognized seven stages runing from developmental mature ages to immature. In the early periods of syntactic improvement kids apply brief vocalizations of a few words with no linguistic markers ; kids are regularly matured between year and a half to 2 mature ages. In the accompanying period of typically 3 mature ages kids begin to add markers to words, for example, tense ( I played ) . plural ( one feline. two felines ) . The second stage inside Crystal’s worldview is a term called transmitted location during this stage. kids do non use linguistic markers on the other hand they use action words. transient qualifiers. descriptive words and things. The significant data is obvious on the grounds that within informations and fixingss are expelled ; this transmitted quality is expressed in children’s impersonation of adult’s address. Other than during the second stage it has been noticed that children’s address will likely to be: a more H2O ; infant drink ; allgone clingy. Anyway for this situation it is impossible that children will hold heard adults make these sorts of vocalizations which implies they can be delineated as alone vocalizations. furthermore, since the hugeness will be comprehendible. this vocalization can other than be seen as a triumph. This all goes to epitomize that even at the principal periods of etymological correspondence improvement kids are displaying their imagination. Most adults especially guardians have heard their youngster/ran copy them using large look and even balance. Concerning innovativeness and etymological correspondence improvement. army investigates from the speculations L. S. Vygotsky ( 1967 ) and Jean Piaget ( 1962 ) refered to in Gillen. 2009 has discovered that there is a huge nexus among show and etymological correspondence obtaining. Play empowers children’s imaginative thought technique through playing with objects that will so at long last lead to a superior dread of their condition. As the child’s capacity to make increasingly important portrayals grow so does the more perplexing their show becomes. Sprout. 1993. p. 216 refered to in Gillen. 2009. p 56. Seen that a spurt’

Why Panic Attacks Cause Shortness of Breath

Why Panic Attacks Cause Shortness of Breath Panic Disorder Symptoms Print Why Panic Attacks Cause Shortness of Breath A Terrifying Symptom By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 15, 2019 Patrick Heagney/E/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Panic attacks are the most prominent symptom of panic disorder. These attacks often come on unexpectedly and are accompanied by many frightening physical sensations, such as shortness of breath or hyperventilation. The experience of shortness of breath can be a terrifying symptom. You may feel as  though you are unable to breathe or get enough air into your lungs. Many people describe it as a choking, smothering or suffocating sensation. You might feel like you may pass out or potentially die, which only heightens your panic and anxiety. Some people worry that they have an underlying medical condition, such as asthma or heart problems. However, shortness of breath is a common symptom of panic attacks and usually does not signal a larger medical problem. What Causes Shortness of Breath During Panic Attacks The shortness of breath that occurs during panic attacks and anxiety is often caused by a change in your normal breathing pattern.?? Typically, we are not conscious of our breathing. When panic and anxiety occur, our breathing may become more shallow and restricted. Instead of filling the lungs with full, complete breaths, we take in quick and short breaths. Known as hyperventilation, this over-breathing causes carbon dioxide levels in the blood to decrease. Reduction of carbon dioxide can cause many physical symptoms, such as tingling and numbness, chest pain and dry mouth. Hyperventilation can also develop into feelings of faintness, dizziness, lightheadedness, and confusion. A person who is hyperventilating may start taking quick and loud gasps of air. However, many people will only show slight signs of hyperventilation, such as coughing and rapid breathing. What You Can Do to Manage Shortness of Breath One of the most valuable things you can do if you experience shortness of breath is to try not to panic, no matter how difficult that is. Shortness of breath is a very frightening feeling. However, if you become even more fearful and anxious, you are at risk of hyperventilating and significantly increasing the intensity of your panic attack. The next time you experience shortness of breath, be prepared to cope with your physical sensations and anxiety-provoking thoughts. There are numerous strategies for getting through a panic attack. It is important that you pick a technique that feels right for you and that you practice this skill on a regular basis. For best results, practice your relaxation technique at times when you are not having a panic attack. By practicing while in a more relaxed state, you will be better prepared to use your strategy when you really need it. A Breathing Exercise for Shortness of Breath Deep breathing can help you return to your normal breathing pattern and may also have a relaxing effect. To get your breathing back on track, follow these basic guidelines:Notice your breath and how it has changed. Remind yourself that you are in control of your breathing.Place your hands on your rib cage. Now, inhale slowly through your nose, filling your ribcage with air. Slowly exhale through the nose, taking note of how the rib cage contracts.Repeat several breaths, counting to 10 as you inhale and 10 as you exhale. With each breath, try to relax any tension in your face, neck, and shoulders.Place your hands on your belly. Stay with your deep, smooth breathing. Take a deep breath in and fill your belly with air. Notice how your belly rises into your hands as you inhale and how your navel pulls into the spine as you exhale. Repeat for several more breaths. Set aside at least five to 10 minutes a day to practice this breathing exercise. Try practicing when you wake up to reduce morning anxiety or before bed to get a better night’s rest. By breathing with intention, you may be able to manage your next panic attack, including shortness of breath. Take a Few Deep Breaths and Calm Panic Disorder Seeking Professional Help Aside from developing your own set of coping skills, you should always consult your doctor or another healthcare provider who treats panic disorder. He or she will be able to determine if the shortness of breath is caused by your panic disorder or a separate medical condition.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Botox Essay - 1114 Words

Introduction What is the first thing that comes to your head when I mention the word Botox. Patients who choose to receive cosmetic improvements usually obtain the stereotype as either wealthy or a famous celebrity. However, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2015 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report, $13.3 billion dollars were spent on cosmetic procedures in the US; which has increased 4% since 2014. (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2015) Not only has this injection been used to enhance a man or woman’s appearance but it also serves as a major anti-depressant agent and drug for those suffering with chronic migraines. Last year, the total expenditure for cosmetic surgeons reached a high number of $13,383,178,199. (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2015) This massive total was just from US boarders alone. Botox is a cosmetic improvement technique that is used throughout the world and continues to expand its’ uses and patient population. (Transition: I will now start by clarifying the method that is applied during Botox) I. Botox is a therapeutic agent that comes from the bacteria known as Clostridium Botulinum or Botulinum Toxin Type A. A. Botox is a man-made treatment that is injected into patients that causes temporary paralysis of muscles. 1. To avoid side effects and receive optimal results a technique called skin needling is used. a. Skin needling involves injecting collagen into patients to improve appearance and contraction of muscles.Show MoreRelatedAdults Who Suffer From Chronic Migraine1701 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Population- Adults who suffer from chronic migraine. †¢ Intervention- Onabotulinum toxin A [botox]. †¢ Comparison- Botox injections versus topiramate as prophylactic therapy for chronic migraine. †¢ Outcome- Efficacy of botox as a prophylactic therapy for chronic migraine patients. Methods A limited literature search was conducted on July 15, 2015 using PubMed, TripDatabase as well as a focused Internet search. The retrieval was limited to human populations and documents published within the pastRead MoreThe Efficacy And Cost Effectiveness Of Prescription Therapy For Chronic Migraine ( Cm )1555 Words   |  7 PagesObjective Chronic migraine is a debilitating condition with over $1 billion in medical cost and $16 billion in lost productivity per year in the United States. (25) Here we examine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA [botox] injections versus topiramate as prophylactic therapy for chronic migraine (CM) in adults. Methods A limited literature search was conducted on July 15, 2015 using PubMed, TripDatabase as well as a focused Internet search. The retrieval was limited to humanRead More Botox Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesBotox When people think of new fashion trends they normally think of clothes, but the newest beauty craze that has hit the middle age market is Botox. Botox injection therapy, although not completely new, has come out swinging since being approved for use in cosmetic improvements in 2002. Botox is used to eliminate the look of aging by reducing the appearance of wrinkles on the face, neck and hands. Most commonly, patients use Botox to eliminate crow’s feet around the eyes, wrinkles on the foreheadRead MoreBotox Essay666 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction Hello Everyone. When you hear the word Botox, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Is it celebrities, people who want to look younger or maybe you just don’t care. Personally for me, when I heard the word Botox before I did my research for this informative speech, I thought of Kim Kardashian or Joan Rivers. But, Botox is more than just social media hype. Botox is a neurotoxin protein called botulinum toxin, that can be used medically to treat certain types of muscularRead MoreAnti Aging Treatments : How Long Does Botox Last?1410 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Aging Treatments: How Long Does Botox Last? Everything You Need to Know About Botox Results How Long Does Botox Last? Botox, the fountain of youth, lasts between 3 and 4 months. Botox boosters can be used to extend its effect. The number of units used with the right technique, may be directly proportional to the efficiency of Botox injections. Plastic surgeons may inject muscles regularly for higher impact. 3 Things to Know About Botox Boosters In order to make Botox treatments even moreRead MoreHow Does The Baclofen Pump Be Successful At Helping Anyone With Cerebral Palsy?1503 Words   |  7 Pagestheir ordinary life. For example, Cerebral Palsy children may not be able to walk like a regular person, or ride a bike like a regular child. In order to control Cerebral Palsy there are multiple treatments such as the baclofen pump. This treatment is more likely to be successful, rather than the Botox injections and phenol blocks. It has been proven that the baclofen pump is more likely to be successful at helping anyone with Cerebral Palsy. Although, there are several different types and causesRead MoreBotox Case Analysis1487 Words   |  6 Pagesissue in this case is that Botox effective ingredient is a poisonous toxin; botulinum toxin A. This toxin paralyzes muscles and side effects of Botox; the inability to use muscles above the eyebrows, drooping eyelids, slurred speech,, a droopy mouth, and constant drooling. nausea, allergic reactions, headaches, respiratory infections, flu symptoms, and redness and swelling around the injections is a major issue. Although the effects are temporary, 3-6 months, the costs of Botox procedures are very expensiveRead MorePelvic Pain / Penetration Disorder1474 Words   |  6 Pages(Svedhem, 2013). The exact cause of this disorder is also not yet known, however, there are different treatment options available that are aimed towards overcoming this disorder. I chose this disorder as my research topic because I have an interest in women’s health and I wanted to learn about this disorder’s effect on women. Due to this, I figured the best way to start was to learn more about the symptoms of this disorder. According to â€Å"The Desk Reference to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Migraine Insomnia1636 Words   |  7 Pagestheir quest for management with over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen or Advil, which are first-line treatments for mild to moderate migraine. Sumatriptan, a prescription medication, should be used first-line for moderate to severe migraine. In patients unable to take Sumatriptan, telcagepant may be an effective alternative for acute migraine treatment. Preventative migraine treatment continues to be an area of difficulty in migraine management due to adverse side effects and limited proofRead MoreChallenges Facing The Pharma Industry1635 Words   |  7 Pagesand selling a particular drug but on the long term efficacy. With this shift, the industry will need to shift their marketing efforts to a partnership based sales effort that demonstrates to governments the long term value of a particular drug treatment. These regulatory pressures, which reduces the profit margin of both generic and patented drugs has long term effects on stagnant pharma business models. Revenue loss or is it margin? can certainly be attributed to global economic and regulatory

America Should Pay Reparations to African Americans Essay

America Should Pay Reparations to African Americans The United States government should pay reparations to African Americans as a means of admitting their wrong-doing and making amends. The damages African Americans have sustained from White America’s policy of slavery have been agonizing and inhumane. Therefore, I am in favor of reparations for African Americans. The effect of slavery has been an enduring issue within the African American community. Many of us are cognizant of the harm racism brought to the African American race, conveyed through slavery, racial segregation and discrimination. African Americans suffered many atrocities, but the greatest damage done to them was the destruction of they’re original identity. African†¦show more content†¦America should be ashamed for their mistreatment of a race that did not ask or even desire to reside in this country. Yet, they still wear their ugly face of racism, and discrimination, and only seek to segregate African Americans, as if they were at fault. America ns may argue Blacks shouldn’t be complaining, whining, and to pull themselves up by their boot straps. Well, Martin Luther King once said â€Å"White America wants us to pull ourselves up from our boot straps, but we don’t have any boots†. (Shuttlesworth, Fred, 1999, A Fire You Can’t Put Out). The U.S. government has a moral responsibility to this race of people to compensate, African American’s because they were denied their heritage, religion, family, and culture. America alleges it is a religious-based country and their faith resides in God. The bible says: â€Å"If a man steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.† This country consistently contradicts itself in the way it wants to be perceived. If America has any belief in God, they should feel an obligation to compensate the African American descendants of slave ancestors. (Exodus 22, Bible). White Americans may argue that the country did enough when it passed the Civil Rights Act in 1960. They may also state America has enough resources and equalShow MoreRelatedReparations For Slavery During The Civil War1712 Words   |  7 PagesReparations for slavery Reparations for slavery have been a topic among scholars and regular people for years now. During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War many freed slaves were promised 40 acres of land, as a form of reparations.(Staff www.The Root.com) However, this became an empty promise and nothing was enforced to help African Americans become socially, economically, or politically leveled with white Americans since. African Americans were enslaved to work for big corporations andRead MoreAfrican Americans Should Get Reparations For Enslaving Some Of Their Ancestors 200 Years Ago921 Words   |  4 Pagesthe main issues that Americans have been debating about for years is whether African Americans should get reparations for enslaving some of their ancestors 200 years ago. In an article written by Mychal Massie, it provided some historical background and information about how slavery was started in the United States and how Americans tried to eliminate it. Massie stated, The United States didn t invent slavery, which gave a point to ponder about who started it. Though American ships were carryingRead MoreReparations For Slavery : Slavery1218 Words   |  5 Pages Reparations for Slavery? Harriet Tubman once said, â€Å"Now I ve been free, I know what a dreadful condition slavery is. I have seen hundreds of escaped slaves, but I never saw one who was willing to go back and be a slave.† What is a reparation? A reparation is the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. The biggest question of time is should African Americans receive payments for slavery? Many people would say yes withRead MoreReparations: African Americans Justice1190 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States government should pay reparations to African Americans as a means of admitting their wrong-doing and making amends. The damages African Americans have sustained from White Americas policy of slavery have been agonizing and inhumane. Therefore, I am in favor of reparations for African Americans. The effect of slavery has been an enduring issue within the African American community. Many of us are cognizant of the harm racis m brought to the African American race, conveyed through slaveryRead MoreThe United States Should Pay For Reparations Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesFor years African Americans descent were slave by the United States. During these rough times, Africans faced painful hardships and lost their true identity. Later on in 1863, president Abraham Lincoln announced The Emancipation Proclamation where the slaves were finally free. Although this freedom, many Africans were still considered slaves to many white Americans. Whites made African Americans believe that if they stayed, they would be paid and live a much better life rather than leaving withRead MoreThe Slavery Of African Americans1207 Words   |  5 Pageslegal in America was a dark time that all wish was expunged from the nation’s history. Ever since the end of WWII came around and Japanese and victims of the Holocaust started to receive reparations for the ordeals then endeavored. This launched a proposal that the descend ants of the enslaved people in the United States would be given some type of compensation. The form of compensation varies from individual monetary payments to land-based payment. Although the American enslavement of African AmericansRead More Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago1464 Words   |  6 PagesReparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago In this day and time the world is heavily concerned with political and social corrective ness, thus everyone is catered too and no money changes hands. The idea and arguments of paying reparations to the descendants of slaves has been in the American media and courthouses since the English barrister James Grahame published a groundbreaking book in 1850 setting the first claim for reparations in the United States. It is no surpriseRead MoreU.s. Slavery Reparations972 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Should African Americans Receive Reparations? Racism and hate have played a major role in United States history. These words have been the fuel behind slavery, inhuman treatment, and genocides. The Kosovo, Native Americans, Japanese, and African Americans are some of the prominent races that have been affected by racism and hate. The U.S. have given reparations to the victims of Kosovo, Native American, and Japanese, but no reparation have been given to African Americans. ForRead MoreThe Reparations to the Descendents of African American Slaves in the United States788 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reparations to the Descendents of African American Slaves in the United States If the United States government were to support the reparations to the descendents of African American slaves it would be an admitting of their responsibility. This is an issue that the United States government does not want to bring back to the forefront. To them, slavery is an occurrence in history such as the Vietnam War, which is not easy to tell about without editing. What is done is done, and bringing up possibilitiesRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against African Americans902 Words   |  4 Pageswhich America came to be what it is today, part of its history involves Africans forcibly being enslaved. Dating back to the beginning and to the end of slavery, they never received appropriate and equal compensation for their hard work. Unfortunately, these slaves who provided the involuntary labor are dead, but many of their descendants are not. In order to reinforce that racism is unacceptable and intolerable, the U.S. government should provide reparations for the descendants of Af rican slaves

Ethics an Overview Free Essays

Human Resource Management Summer 2009 Session B To Lie or No to Lie 1) Polygraph testing began in the early 20th century. The first celebrated case using a polygraph test was the Lindberg baby kidnapping. Polygraph tests a popular among the branches of law enforcement (FBI, CIA and Homeland Security). We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics: an Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are distinct advantages and disadvantages to utilizing polygraph tests in the workplace. The advantages to using a polygraph test in the workplace are that the test allows the individual(s) in question to give â€Å"their side of the story. It protects the organization from being discriminatory towards and particular group or faith. It shows employees that the organization is willing to go to great lengths to find out what has occurred. This type of action should be recorded into the employee manual to protect against any future issues. The disadvantages to polygraph testing are that employees may see the test as an infringement of their rights. The employee may refuse to take the test, especially if it is not part of company policy. The testing could be manipulated to reflect a desired outcome. The testing is not admissible as evidence on a court of law in most states. 2) Drug testing at Team Fun is not legal in most of the United States. Before proceeding with any type of drug testing, especially any random drug testing, it is highly recommended that the organization consult with the state Department of Labor to confirm the guidelines with regard to company drug testing. The company should consider is this to be pre employment or post employment drug testing. Most drug testing is done pre employment. Policies that should be instituted around random post employment drug testing are employees (supervisory and staff) are to have educational programs about the drug testing, the drugs being tested and the event of having a positive result of a test (supervisory level education). The company should not or cannot terminate the post-employment employee for failing random drug test. This could result in litigation against the organization. In the event of a positive drug test, the company is to recommend or provide counseling or rehabilitation for the employee found to be an addict to one of the drugs in the screening process. ) In the case of a pre employee submitting to a random drug test the following steps are to be taken. 1) The employee filled out the appropriate applications and paperwork, the employee is to proceed to the outside vendor for completion of the drug test. Once the results are received. 2) The next phase of the employee hiring process takes place. In the case of a pos t hired employee submitting to a random drug test the following steps are to be taken. 1) The employee is to report to an offsite third – party vendor to complete the drug screening (this can be by blood, by urine or by saliva). ) Once the resulted are founded and if the findings are negative, employee is free to resume his/her duties for the organization. If the results are found to be positive, the HRM department begins to take steps to give the employee the best care possible and the best references within the scope of their influence. 4) The organizational issues that are relevant to this discussion are the mission of the organization, the lack of discipline within the organization, the lack of written and enforced policy of the organization as well. The leadership wanted to institute an organization of levity, of positivity and of fulfillment for its employees. This all well and good, a company must establish guidelines for its employees to function to the best of their abilities and to feel that sense of â€Å"fun† within those constraints. Having no disciplinary policies put this organization at risk for litigation from disgruntled employees and for any issues of thievery, disrespect and absences. You can have a positive and fun environment, as long as all parties understand the rules of the game and how to play the game. How to cite Ethics: an Overview, Papers

on toni morrison s belov Essay Example For Students

on toni morrison s belov Essay Throughout the book Beloved by Toni Morrison and the slave narrative of Aunt Betty’s story, the significance of the roles of the main characters as women, their strive for their freedom from the era of slavery, the memorys and â€Å"rememorys† that serve as a reminder to Aunt Betty and a haunting past to Sethe help to shape their character and further their generations by coming to grips with the past in order to move forward. The ultimate importance of Toni Morrison’s work in Beloved in contrast to the real life testimony of Aunt Betty is being able to look at the different horrors of the slave era as seen through the eyes of black women. The significance of family, their roles as women, the impact on their children, and the men who help them with their struggles gives us an understanding of how it was for them to escape slavery and face their past in order to make forward progress and emerge into a free society. â€Å"Feel how it feels to have a bed to sleep in and somebody there not worrying you to death about what you got to do each day to deserve it. Feel how that feels. And if that don’t get it, feel how it feels to be a colored woman roaming the roads with anything God made liable to jump on you. Feel that. (Beloved 67-68)† These are Sethe’s words to Paul D that describe her feelings about the torture she received in the barn at the hands of Schoolteacher’s boys. Her emotional and physical scars run deep because of the sexual violation and the beatings she took. Life on Sweet Home wasn’t always a hell on earth though. Before Schoolteacher, she and the other Sweet Home men had a certain degree or respect. She was allowed to choose Halle out of the men to be her husband and was disheartened to learn there would be no ceremony for them. She had four children by him, one of which is killed. She shows a tremendous love for her children when she chooses to k ill them as opposed to let Schoolteacher return them to slavery. After her escape with one daughter, Denver, she has an undying devotion to her and does a tough job of raising her and taking care of their home by herself with no help from a man. Living through all this and carrying the guilt of killing her daughter, when Beloved returns in the flesh, she takes her in and tries very hard to make up for the decision she felt she had to make. Toni Morrison uses Sethe’s character to show all the hardships that a black woman in those times would have dealt with. The story of Aunt Betty depicts some of the hardships as well. At one point her master Mr. Kibbler, with a nail rod, beat her for telling her mistress that he hit her with the rod in the first place. But with Betty most slave owners in the area knew that if she was treated well she would work well, and if mistreated she was not a cooperative worker. It is amazing she wasn’t killed for her stubbornness, but she wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t. She was also a devoted wife. When she and Jerry were to be married she said she didn’t want a white persons wedding, â€Å"forsaking all others, because I knew at any time our masters could compel us to break that promise. (Narrative 18)† She had two children whom she tried to love faithfully. Her daughter was, in contrast to Sethe’s first daughter, sold away from her. Her son however, was able to stay with her throughout her time in slavery. In both of these stories the point of view of the story is told through the eyes of a woman, which in the fictional Beloved, Morrison uses all the horrors of a black woman through Sethe, whereas Aunt Betty’s real life showed some of the trials of Sethe but not to the same degree. My Grandparents and Unconditional Love EssayIn closing, Toni Morrison uses a fictional character in a fictional story to show us the horrors of the life of being a female slave. We see some of the same horrors in the actual experiences of Aunt Betty. Morrison also shows us the intense amount of courage it took for slaves at that time, especially a pregnant, raped, and beaten woman, to have in order to capture their freedom in a new land. This is paralleled in Aunt Betty’s story because instead of using courage to try and escape she focuses her courage on trying to survive where she is a little longer. Finally Morrison shows how hard it must have been for slaves in that time to deal with the guilt and memory of the choices for survival they had to make through the character of Sethe. Both Sethe and Betty had to come to grips with their past in order to be able to have any future life or family for themselves. In Beloved, Toni Morrison’s fictional depiction of total hel l for a black woman named Sethe is in some ways realistically shown through the story of Aunt Betty in both their struggles to get to a free society.

Binge Drinking Among College Students

Binge Drinking Among College Students Free Online Research Papers Introduction Many studies have shown that the age of onset of heavy drinking has been strongly linked to the formation of harmful drinking habits later in life (Berkowitz, 1990; Glassman, 2010). The increased levels of binge drinking and alcohol abuse reported among university students within one year of entering college may possibly point to increases in alcohol-related public health issues in the future (Kim, Chan, Chow, Fung, Cheuk, Griffiths, 2009). Research and theory have provided pertinent information about binge drinking and how prevalent the issue is among college students. Binge drinking among college students has been identified as the number one threat to campus life (Wheeler, 2009). College students today are drinking more frequently and in greater amounts than ever before (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University, 2007). Dangerous amounts of alcohol consumption are simply not safe, and will most likely produce negative outcomes. The p urpose of this paper is to discuss how binge drinking is defined and measured. It will also review several studies on binge drinking and how it correlates with college students. Additionally, original research was conducted to examine the binge drinking trends of Texas State University Students. Literature Review Operationalizing â€Å"Binge Drinking† Conventionally, the criteria for assessing high-risk drinking includes: five or more drinks for males and four or more drinks for women during one sitting, event, or occasion within the previous two weeks (Glassman, 2010). Although, some research simply states five or more drinks in one sitting, which does not include the gender variable. Also, asking respondents to recall specific time frames from a night of heavy drinking may also compromise the validity of research data. Further, the five or more/four or more drinking criterion does not adequately assess the intoxication levels or more extreme levels of alcohol consumption (Glassman, 2010). Yet, others in the field recognize that men metabolize alcohol more efficiently than women and distinctions should be accounted for when measuring this behavior. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) National Advisory Council attempted to clarify the issue by defining a binge as: a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram percent or above. For the typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male) or 4 or more drinks (female) in about 2 hours† (National Institute on Alcohol and Abuse, 2004, p. 357). Prevalence of Binge Drinking Data from multiple surveys indicate that the majority of college students consume alcohol (Presley, Meilman, Lyerla, 1994). College students drink more frequently and in greater numbers than their peers who do not attend college (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, 1997). Defined as five consecutive drinks for men and four consecutive drinks for women within a two-week period, binge drinking occurs among 44% of college students, which has remained constant over time (Glassman, 2010). On average, college students consume 9.6 drinks per week. White, Kraus Swatzwelder (2006) conducted surveys at a moderate-sized state university in the northeast United States via flyers, announcements, and a web site maintained by the Psychology Department. Participants completed the anonymous surveys in exchange for credit toward completion of a research-participation requirement for introductory psychology courses. The results showed that 41% of males and 34% of females consume alcohol at or a bove the binge drink threshold. Many different environmental and social factors can influence a college students’ behavior. For example, the presence of a Greek system, student involvement in athletics, students’ residence (dorm or apartment), size of the university, alcohol outlet density and alcohol prices are all variables that can influence decisions of a student (Wheeler, 2009). Research indicates that when college students drink at these levels, their risk for alcohol related consequences increases significantly and suggest that the term â€Å"binge† is justified based on scientific evidence (Glassman, 2010). According to the Harvard School of Public Health College Study, which was conducted on 89% of the first year entrants of college, 53% of all alcohol-related injuries occurred from people who consumed one to five drinks, whereas 21% occurred from those who consumed eight or more drinks. This data was gathered from anonymous questionnaires that were sent to all students prior to the fall semester registration. Also, there is almost universal agreement among college administration and health professionals that alcohol abuse is the most widespread recreational drug used by college students, and that binge drinking is a major health problem (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995). Faced with this issue, and no apparent immediat e solution, in the summer of 2008, 200 college presidents proposed that lawmakers consider lowering the drinking age from 21 to 18 years. Their efforts were dubbed the Amethyst Initiative, an idea based on the assumption that the current laws and prohibitions against drinking may actually be encouraging students to binge drink (Deas Clark, 2009). Most literature gives little evidence that lowering the drinking age will solve the binge drinking problem. However, there is considerable evidence that this action may actually intensify the issue. For example, high school students 18 years old and younger seem to be keeping pace with college peers in terms of alcohol consumption. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2004), 62% of tenth graders and 72% of twelfth graders have used alcohol and 41% of tenth graders and 55% of twelfth graders have been drunk. Also, 65% of college students who drink alcohol began drinking in high school and only 13% of college students began drinking after entering college. This data was collected from a study that was conducted in two stages. The first stage selected 148 institutions, half two-year and half four-year, with probability proportional to undergraduate enrollment. The second stage randomly sampled undergraduates in the 136 institutions that chose to participate, targeti ng 72 students from each two-year school and 56 from each four-year school. The questionnaire was mailed to 7,442 students for self-administration and completed by 4,814 (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, 2007). Finally, lowering the drinking age seems to negate research on neurobiological development. The data suggests that cognitive functions, such as impulse control and decision making, are still developing into early adulthood (Wheeler, 2009). During this period of critical development major regions of the young adult’s brain is at risk due to the neurotoxin effects of excessive alcohol consumption. Obviously, a better alternative to lowering the drinking age is to increase research efforts designed to give a better understanding of why so many students engage in such self-destructing behavior. In seeking some answers to some of these questions, researchers have conducted studies on the motive and expectations underlying excessive drinking in the college population. Some believe that college students just do not see an issue with binge drinking. This may be because students tend to identify hangovers as the most serious consequence of excessive drinking. Others suggest that students drink in order to obtain valued outcomes or as a means of coping with stress (Crundell, 1995). Berkowitz (1990) insists that the satisfaction of social needs and peer influence are the most important factors leading to binge drinking. Research on peer influence has shown that individuals who have friends who drink are more likely to begin drinking, and that individuals who binge drink are likely to have friends who drink (Wheeler, 2009). Duncan, Biosjoly, Kremer, Levy Eccles (2005) state, â€Å" as long as individuals are free to choose their friends, it is possible that someone’s substance abuse behavior or personal characteristics associated with substance abuse are affecting his or her choice of peer group† (p. 376). According to Wheeler (2009), young adults are the heaviest drinkers in the United States. College students drink more often and in heavier amounts than people who do not attend college. This seems consistent with Crundall’s (1995) notion that alcohol consumption is a major part of the culture of college life, a so-called rite of passage into adulthood. Drinking alcohol is typically perceived by most students as part of the college experience. The college culture undoubtedly plays a role in student drinking, but some researchers may have exaggerated its effects. As Wheeler (2009) reports, â€Å"While the heaviest drinkers are at greater risk for harm, they are relatively few and generate proportionally small amounts of all drinking harms† (p. 174). This idea is supported by Weschler, Lee, Kuo, Seibring, Nelson Lee (2002), who used factor analyses and IRT analyses while conducting their studies, found that the top 17% of students in a sample of 353 undergraduate drinkers who drink alcohol heavily and frequently, consume 68% of the alcohol drank by college students. There also other shortcomings associated with the traditional high-risk drinking measure. Glassman (2010) proposes combing the five/four drinking measure with the frequency of engaging in the behavior (3 or more times in a one week period), a term he describes as â€Å"heavy and frequent† (Glassman, 2010). The research indicates that this group is most at risk for experiencing the negative consequences associated with alcohol use. Another area in which specialized research is needed involves event-specific drinking occasions among college students. For example, on a college football game day, drinking alcohol takes place for an extended period of time (usually before, during, and after a game). For these types of events, the term, â€Å"Extreme Ritualistic Alcohol Consumption† (ERAC) was created. ERAC, defined as consuming 10 or more drinks in a day by males, and 8 or more drinks for a female, constitutes an event or context-specific drinking pattern in which peopl e drink more than they would under normal circumstances (Deas et al., 2009). Methods Secondary data was used during the original research of the binge drinking trends of Texas State University students. Information was gathered in Spring of 2009, as part of a Research Methods in Criminal Justice course at Texas State University. Convenience sampling was used, which means that the sample group in the study was comprised of TSU students who were, basically, given the surveys at the convenience of the researcher. The surveyed students were anonymous, meaning there is no possible way to link the answers to any one survey to any specific student. They surveys, which were IRB approved by Texas State University, were self-administered by the students. Overall, the ending sample size was 146 Texas State students, which may limit the data due to the low number. This small sample size may not be completely representative of the Texas State University population. The survey questions vary in type, but the data gathered portrays an accurate depiction of the studentsâ€℠¢ binge drinking habits. The survey consists of 74 questions total, 11 personal drinking behavior questions, 14 binge drinking questions, 11 questions covering the survey taker’s attitude towards drinking, 9 background questions, 5 demographic questions, and 23 personal attitudes and behaviors. The possible answers varied from simply â€Å"Yes or No† to Gottfredson and Hirshi’s Low Self-Control Scale (Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree). Results The sample size of this study was 146 Texas State University students. The majority of the sample, 58%, was Caucasian. Another 29% were Hispanic. The remaining 13% were another race. The sample consisted of 45% male participants and 55% female participants. The majority of the sample was 21 years and older (70%). Of these participants, only 26% are Criminal Justice majors. Juniors and Seniors represented most of the sample size (74%) of the sample, as opposed to only 26% Freshman and Sophomores. Surprisingly, only 11% of the sample stated they were a member of a traditional fraternity or sorority, and only 17% indicated they were an athlete at the university. For the purpose of this paper, fiver questions from the survey were selected, and those results were analyzed. Twenty-four percent of the surveyed students indicated they have attended school while drunk. Additionally, 80% of the participants admitted to binge drinking at a house party at some point. Only 29% of the sample indicated they have engaged in sexual intercourse after binge drinking and later regretted it. Thirty-five percent of the surveyed students have blacked out (become unconscious after consuming a large amount of alcohol) due to binge drinking. Finally, 61% of the sample did not believe the drinking age should be lowered to 18 years. The questions were also analyzed by the demographic, sex. It was found males were significantly more likely than females to attend class while drunk, binge drink at a house party, have sex with someone after binge drinking and later regret it, and black out after binge drinking (p